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The ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) standard is a standard interface that allows you to connect storage peripherals to PC computers. The ATA standard was developed on May 12, 1994 by the ANSI (document X3.221-1994).
Despite the official name "ATA", this standard is better known by the commercial term IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) or Enhanced IDE (EIDE or E-IDE).
The ATA standard was originally intended for connecting hard drives, however an extension called ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) was developed in order to be able to interface other storage peripherals (CD-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives, etc.) on an ATA interface.
Since the Serial ATA standard (written S-ATA or SATA) has emerged, which allows you to transfer data over a serial link, the term "Parallel ATA" (written PATA or P-ATA) sometimes replaces the term "ATA" in order to differentiate between the two standards.
The ATA standard allows you to connect storage peripherals directly with the motherboard thanks to a ribbon cable, which is generally made up of 40 parallel wires and three connectors (usually a blue connector for the motherboard and a black connector and a grey connector for the two storage peripherals).
On the cable, one of the peripherals must be declared the master cable and the other the slave. It is understood that the far connector (black) is reserved for the master peripheral and the middle connector (grey) for the slave peripheral. A mode called cable select (abbreviated as CS or C/S) allows you to automatically define the master and slave peripherals as long as the computer's BIOS supports this functionality.
Data transmission occurs thanks to a protocol called PIO (Programmed Input/Output), which allows peripherals to exchange data with the RAM with the help of commands managed directly by the processor. However, large data transfers can quickly impose a large workload on the processor and slow down the whole system. There are 5 PIO modes that define the maximum throughput:
| PIO Mode | Throughput (Mb/s) |
| Mode 0 | 3.3 |
| Mode 1 | 5.2 |
| Mode 2 | 8.3 |
| Mode 3 | 11.1 |
| Mode 4 | 16.7 |
The DMA (Direct Memory Access) technique allows computers to free up the processor by allowing each of the peripherals to directly access the memory. There are two types of DMA modes:
The following table lists the different DMA modes and their associated throughputs:
| DMA Mode | Throughput (Mb/s) |
| 0 (Single word) | 2.1 |
| 1 (Single word) | 4.2 |
| 2 (Single word) | 8.3 |
| 0 (Multi-word) | 4.2 |
| 1 (Multi-word) | 13.3 |
| 2 (Multi-word) | 16.7 |
The ATA standard is originally based on an asynchronous transfer mode, i.e. sending commands and sending data are clocked to the bandwidth of the bus and occur at each rising edge of the clock signal. However, sending commands and sending data do not occur simultaneously, i.e. a command cannot be sent as long as the data has not been received and vice versa.
In order to increase the data throughput, it may seem logical to increase the clock signal frequency. However, on an interface where data are sent in parallel, increasing the frequency poses problems of electromagnetic interference.
Thus, Ultra DMA (sometimes abbreviated as UDMA) was designed with the goal of optimising the ATA interface as much as possible. The first concept of Ultra DMA consists in using the rising edges as well as the falling edges of the signal for the data transfers, meaning an increase in speed of 100% (with the throughput increasing from 16.6 Mb/s to 33.3 Mb/s). Moreover, Ultra DMA introduces the use of CRC codes for the detection of transmission errors. Thus, the different Ultra DMA modes define the frequency of data transfer. When an error occurs (when the received CRC does not correspond to the data), the transfer occurs in a lower Ultra DMA mode, or even without Ultra DMA.
| Ultra DMA Mode | Throughput (Mb/s) |
| UDMA 0 | 16.7 |
| UDMA 1 | 25.0 |
| UDMA 2 (Ultra-ATA/33) | 33.3 |
| UDMA 3 | 44.4 |
| UDMA 4 (Ultra-ATA/66) | 66.7 |
| UDMA 5 (Ultra-ATA/100) | 100 |
| UDMA 6 (Ultra-ATA/133) | 133 |
With the introduction of Ultra DMA mode 4, a new type of cable ribbon was introduced in order to limit crosstalk. This type of ribbon cable adds 40 wires (for a total of 80) that are interleaved with the data wires in order to isolate them and have the same connectors as the 40-wire cable ribbon.
Only Ultra DMA modes 2, 4, 5 and 6 are truly implemented by hard drives.
The ATA standard comes in several versions, which were introduced successively:
The ATA-1 standard, better known as IDE, allows you to connect two peripherals on a 40-wire cable and offers an 8 or 16-bit transfer rate with a throughput of the order of 8.3 Mb/s. ATA-1 defines and supports PIO modes (Programmed Input/Output) 0, 1 and 2 as well as multi-word DMA mode (Direct Memory Access) 0.
The ATA-2 standard, better known as EIDE (or sometimes Fast ATA, Fast ATA-2 or Fast IDE), allows you to connect two peripherals on a 40-wire cable and offers an 8 or 16-bit transfer rate with a throughput of the order of 16.6 Mb/s.
ATA-2 supports PIO modes 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 and multi-word DMA modes 0, 1 and 2. In addition, ATA-2 allows you to increase the maximum disk size from 528 Mb, which is imposed by the ATA-1 standard, to 8.4 Gb thanks to LBA (Large Block Addressing).
The ATA-3 standard (also called ATA Attachment 3 Interface) represents a minor revision of ATA-2 (with downward compatibility) and was published in 1997 under the standard X3.298-1997. The ATA-3 standard brings the following improvements:
The ATA-4 standard, or Ultra-ATA/33, was defined in 1998 under the standard ANSI NCITS 317-1998. ATA-4 modifies the LBA mode in order to increase the disk size limit to 128-Gb drives.
LBA addresses in ATA-4 are 28-bit. Each sector represents 512 bytes, so the exact disk size limit in LBA mode is as follows:
228*512 = 137 438 953 472 bytes 137 438 953 472/(1024*1024*1024)= 128 Gb
In 1999, the ATA-5 standard defined two new transfer modes: Ultra DMA modes 3 and 4 (mode 4 is also called Ultra ATA/66 or Ultra DMA/66). What is more, it offers automatic detection of the type of ribbon cables being used (80 or 40 wires).
Since 2001, ATA-6 defines Ultra DMA/100 (also called Ultra DMA mode 5 or Ultra-ATA100), which allows drives to theoretically reach throughputs of 100 Mb/s.
In addition, ATA-6 defines a new functionality, called Automatic Acoustic Management (AAM), which allows drives that support this function to automatically adjust access speeds in order to reduce running noise.
Finally, the ATA-6 standard allows a 48-bit LBA of the sectors of the hard drive, called LBA48 (Logical Block Addressing 48 bits). Thanks to LBA48, it is possible to use 2^48 hard drives with 512 bytes per sector, which equals a disk size limit of 2 petabytes.
The ATA-7 standard defines Ultra DMA/133 (also called Ultra DMA mode 6 or Ultra-ATA133), which allows drives to theoretically reach throughputs of 133 Mb/s.
| Name | ANSI Standard | Synonym | Mode (PIO/DMA) | Throughput (Mb/s) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATA-1 | ANSI X3.221-1994 | IDE | PIO mode 0 | 3,3 | |
| PIO mode 1 | 5,2 | ||||
| PIO mode 2 | 8,3 | ||||
| DMA mode 0 | 8,3 | ||||
| ATA-2 | ANSI X3.279-1996 | EIDE, Fast ATA, Fast ATA-2 | PIO mode 3 | 11,1 | 28-bit LBA |
| PIO mode 4 | 16,7 | ||||
| DMA mode 1 | 13,3 | ||||
| DMA mode 2 | 16,7 | ||||
| ATA-3 | ANSI X3.298-1997 | PIO mode 3 | 11,1 | SMART, 28-bit LBA | |
| PIO mode 4 | 16,7 | ||||
| DMA mode 1 | 13,3 | ||||
| DMA mode 2 | 16,7 | ||||
| ATA-4/ATAPI-4 | ANSI NCITS 317-1998 | Ultra-ATA/33, UDMA 33, Ultra DMA 33 | UDMA mode 0 | 16,7 | Ultra DMA 33 and supports CD-ROMs (ATAPI) |
| UDMA mode 1 | 25,0 | ||||
| UDMA mode 2 | 33,3 | ||||
| ATA-5/ATAPI-5 | ANSI NCITS 340-2000 | Ultra-ATA/66, UDMA 66, Ultra DMA 66 | UDMA mode 3 | 44,4 | Ultra DMA 66, uses a 80-wire cable |
| UDMA mode 4 | 66,7 | ||||
| ATA-6/ATAPI-6 | ANSI NCITS 347-2001 | Ultra-ATA/100, UDMA 100, Ultra DMA 100 | UDMA mode 5 | 100 | Ultra DMA 100, LBA48 and the AAC (Automatic Acoustic Management) function |
| ATA-7/ATAPI-7 | ANSI NCITS 361-2002 | Ultra-ATA/133, UDMA 133, Ultra DMA 133 | UDMA mode 6 | 133 | Ultra DMA 133 |
You can find all the technical specifications on the website of the T13, which is the organisation responsible for maintaining the ATA standard:
